Term limits · 2001–2025 local elections

When the term ends, but the power doesn’t.

Local officials may serve three consecutive terms. 1,482 times since 2001, a term-limited official moved to another seat, handed the seat to someone with the same surname, traded seats, or came back for it.

Very high risk

124

Every case

494 seat moves

Each strip shows who won the seat in each election from 2001 to 2025.

Search name or placeRisk levelPatternProvince

Clear

This official (●)Same surname (S)Someone elseNo result on file

Highest risk Most recent

Mayor · San Enrique, Iloilo

Trixie Fernandez Nonoy Fernandez

Moderate risk · 4 pts

Swapped seatsSame-surname successorTerm limit 2025

’01

’04

’07

’10

’13

●

’16

●

’19

●

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+1Won another seat the next election: Vice Mayor · San Enrique
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Nonoy Fernandez

2019Mayor · San Enrique
2022Mayor · San Enrique
2025Vice Mayor · San Enrique

Representative, 5th District · Iloilo

Boboy TupasBinky Tupas

Moderate risk · 4 pts

Same-surname successorTerm limit 2025

’01

’04

’07

’10

’13

●

’16

●

’19

●

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Binky Tupas
+1Surname held this office 18 straight years

2019Representative, 5th District · Iloilo
2022Representative, 5th District · Iloilo

Mayor · Santa Maria, Isabela

Hilario Pagauitan Michael Pagauitan

Moderate risk · 4 pts

Swapped seatsSame-surname successorTerm limit 2025

’01

’04

’07

’10

’13

●

’16

●

’19

●

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+1Won another seat the next election: Vice Mayor · Santa Maria
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Michael Pagauitan

2019Mayor · Santa Maria
2022Mayor · Santa Maria
2025Vice Mayor · Santa Maria

Mayor · Echague, Isabela

Kiko Dy Inno Dy

Moderate risk · 4 pts

Swapped seatsSame-surname successorTerm limit 2025

’01

’04

’07

’10

’13

●

’16

●

’19

●

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+1Won another seat the next election: Vice Governor · Isabela
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Inno Dy

2019Mayor · Echague
2022Mayor · Echague
2025Vice Governor · Isabela

Mayor · San Agustin, Isabela

Cesar Mondala Raden Mondala

Moderate risk · 4 pts

Swapped seatsSame-surname successorTerm limit 2025

’01

’04

’07

’10

’13

●

’16

●

’19

●

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+1Won another seat the next election: Vice Mayor · San Agustin
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Raden Mondala

2019Mayor · San Agustin
2022Mayor · San Agustin
2025Vice Mayor · San Agustin

Mayor · Nunungan, Lanao del Norte

Marcos Mamay Alliah Mamay

Moderate risk · 4 pts

Swapped seatsSame-surname successorTerm limit 2025

’01

’04

’07

’10

’13

●

’16

●

’19

●

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+1Won another seat the next election: Vice Mayor · Nunungan
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Alliah Mamay

2019Mayor · Nunungan
2022Mayor · Nunungan
2025Vice Mayor · Nunungan

Mayor · Ditsaan-Ramain, Lanao del Sur

Saidamen AdiongHooky Adiong

Moderate risk · 4 pts

Same-surname successorTerm limit 2025

’01

’04

’07

’10

’13

●

’16

●

’19

●

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Hooky Adiong
+1Surname held this office 15 straight years

2019Mayor · Ditsaan-Ramain
2022Mayor · Ditsaan-Ramain

Mayor · Lumbatan, Lanao del Sur

Allan Lao Aljayeed Lao

Moderate risk · 4 pts

Swapped seatsSame-surname successorTerm limit 2025

’01

’04

’07

’10

’13

●

’16

●

’19

●

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+1Won another seat the next election: Vice Mayor · Lumbatan
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Aljayeed Lao

2019Mayor · Lumbatan
2022Mayor · Lumbatan
2025Vice Mayor · Lumbatan

Mayor · Hindang, Leyte

Betty CabalJun Cabal

Moderate risk · 4 pts

Same-surname successorTerm limit 2025

’01

’04

’07

’10

’13

●

’16

●

’19

●

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Jun Cabal
+1Surname held this office 18 straight years

2019Mayor · Hindang
2022Mayor · Hindang

Governor · Masbate

Tony Kho Richard Kho

Moderate risk · 4 pts

Swapped seatsSame-surname successorTerm limit 2025

’01

’04

’07

’10

’13

●

’16

●

’19

●

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+1Won another seat the next election: Representative, 1st District · Masbate
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Richard Kho

2019Governor · Masbate
2022Governor · Masbate
2025Representative, 1st District · Masbate

Mayor · Aloran, Misamis Occidental

Junipher Roa Guardson Mutia

Moderate risk · 4 pts

Swapped seatsTerm limit 2025

’01

’04

’07

’10

’13

●

’16

●

’19

●

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+1Won another seat the next election: Vice Mayor · Aloran
+2Surname held this office 24 straight years

2019Mayor · Aloran
2022Mayor · Aloran
2025Vice Mayor · Aloran

Mayor · City of Marikina, NCR, Second District

Marcy Teodoro Maan Teodoro

Moderate risk · 4 pts

Swapped seatsSame-surname successorTerm limit 2025

’01

’04

’07

’10

’13

●

’16

●

’19

●

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+1Won another seat the next election: Representative, 1st District · City of Marikina
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Maan Teodoro

2019Mayor · City of Marikina
2022Mayor · City of Marikina
2025Representative, 1st District · City of Marikina

Mayor ⇄ Representative, 1st District · City of Marikina, NCR, Second District

Marcy Teodoro Maan Teodoro

Moderate risk · 4 pts

Seat exchangeTerm limit 2025

’01

’04

’07

’10

’13

●

’16

●

’19

●

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Marcy Teodoro and Maan Teodoro traded Mayor and Representative, 1st District in 2025
+1Both share the same surname

2019Mayor · City of Marikina
2022Mayor · City of Marikina
2025Representative, 1st District · City of Marikina

Representative, 4th District · Negros Occidental

Juliet FerrerJeffrey Ferrer

Moderate risk · 4 pts

Same-surname successorTerm limit 2025

’01

’04

’07

’10

’13

●

’16

●

’19

●

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Jeffrey Ferrer
+1Surname held this office 18 straight years

2019Representative, 4th District · Negros Occidental
2022Representative, 4th District · Negros Occidental

Mayor · Vallehermoso, Negros Oriental

An-An Gustilo Aloma Serion

Moderate risk · 4 pts

Swapped seatsSame-surname successorTerm limit 2025

’01

’04

’07

’10

’13

●

’16

●

’19

●

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+1Won another seat the next election: Vice Mayor · Vallehermoso
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Aloma Serion

2019Mayor · Vallehermoso
2022Mayor · Vallehermoso
2025Vice Mayor · Vallehermoso

Representative, 1st District · Negros Oriental

Josy LimkaichongMm-Josy Iway

Moderate risk · 4 pts

Same-surname successorTerm limit 2025

’01

’04

’07

’10

’13

●

’16

●

’19

●

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Mm-Josy Iway
+1Surname held this office 18 straight years

2019Representative, 1st District · Negros Oriental
2022Representative, 1st District · Negros Oriental

Representative, 2nd District · Negros Oriental

Chiquiting Sagarbarria Maisa Sagarbarria

Moderate risk · 4 pts

Swapped seatsSame-surname successorTerm limit 2025

’01

’04

’07

’10

’13

●

’16

●

’19

●

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+1Won another seat the next election: Mayor · City of Dumaguete
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Maisa Sagarbarria

2019Representative, 2nd District · Negros Oriental
2022Representative, 2nd District · Negros Oriental
2025Mayor · City of Dumaguete

Vice Mayor ⇄ Mayor · San Isidro, Northern Samar

Dado Avila Nanding Avila

Moderate risk · 4 pts

Seat exchangeTerm limit 2025

’01

’04

’07

’10

’13

’16

●

’19

●

’22

’25

+2Dado Avila and Nanding Avila traded Vice Mayor and Mayor in 2025
+1Both share the same surname
+1Surname held these offices 18 straight years

2019Vice Mayor · San Isidro
2022Vice Mayor · San Isidro
2025Mayor · San Isidro

Mayor · Cabiao, Nueva Ecija

Rbr Rivera Kevin Rivera

Moderate risk · 4 pts

Swapped seatsSame-surname successorTerm limit 2025

’01

’04

’07

’10

’13

●

’16

●

’19

●

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+1Won another seat the next election: Vice Mayor · Cabiao
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Kevin Rivera

2019Mayor · Cabiao
2022Mayor · Cabiao
2025Vice Mayor · Cabiao

Mayor · San Antonio, Nueva Ecija

Arvin Salonga Dra Salonga

Moderate risk · 4 pts

Swapped seatsSame-surname successorTerm limit 2025

’01

’04

●

’07

●

’10

’13

●

’16

●

’19

●

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+1Won another seat the next election: Vice Mayor · San Antonio
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Dra Salonga

2019Mayor · San Antonio
2022Mayor · San Antonio
2025Vice Mayor · San Antonio

How the risk level is scored

Reached the 3-term limit	+1
Won a different seat in the same province the next election	+1
Vacated seat won by someone with the same surname	+2
Won the same office back later	+2
Traded offices with another official in one election	+2 (+1 if same surname)
Surname held the office 15+ / 21+ straight years	+1 / +2

Low risk 0–2 pointsModerate risk 3–4 pointsHigh risk 5–6 pointsVery high risk 7+ points

What this does and doesn’t mean

Every move counted here is legal. The Local Government Code (and, for House members, the Constitution) limits an official to three consecutive terms in the same office; it does not stop them from running for another office, or for the same office after one term out.

The risk level measures how concentrated a seat has become in one person or one surname. It is not an accusation of wrongdoing.

“Same surname” means a shared last name, or a last name that matches the other’s middle name, as BetterGov.ph Dynasties defines it. A shared name may not mean the two are related.

Source: COMELEC results 2001–2025 compiled by Open Halalan (ODbL), via the BetterGov.ph Dynasties dataset. Covers governor, vice governor, district representative, mayor and vice mayor seats. Representatives fall under the Constitution’s three-term limit.

Political families and surname blocs →