Term limits · 2001–2025 local elections

When the term ends, but the power doesn’t.

Local officials may serve three consecutive terms. 1,482 times since 2001, a term-limited official moved to another seat, handed the seat to someone with the same surname, traded seats, or came back for it.

Very high risk

124

Every case

494 seat moves

Each strip shows who won the seat in each election from 2001 to 2025.

Search name or placeRisk levelPatternProvince

Clear

This official (●)Same surname (S)Someone elseNo result on file

Highest risk Most recent

Vice Mayor · Tagoloan II, Lanao del Sur

Mangondaya CapalCosay Capal

Moderate risk · 3 pts

Same-surname successorTerm limit 2025

’01

’04

’07

’10

’13

●

’16

●

’19

●

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Cosay Capal

2019Vice Mayor · Tagoloan II
2022Vice Mayor · Tagoloan II

Mayor · Bayang, Lanao del Sur

Aslani BaltAndy Balt

Moderate risk · 3 pts

Same-surname successorTerm limit 2025

’01

’04

’07

’10

’13

●

’16

●

’19

●

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Andy Balt

2019Mayor · Bayang
2022Mayor · Bayang

Vice Mayor ⇄ Mayor · Lumbatan, Lanao del Sur

Aljayeed Lao Allan Lao

Moderate risk · 3 pts

Seat exchangeTerm limit 2025

’01

’04

’07

’10

’13

’16

’19

●

’22

’25

+2Aljayeed Lao and Allan Lao traded Vice Mayor and Mayor in 2025
+1Both share the same surname

2022Vice Mayor · Lumbatan
2025Mayor · Lumbatan

Vice Mayor ⇄ Mayor · Bato, Leyte

Tata Gertos Nael Gertos

Moderate risk · 3 pts

Seat exchangeTerm limit 2025

’01

’04

’07

’10

’13

’16

●

’19

●

’22

’25

+2Tata Gertos and Nael Gertos traded Vice Mayor and Mayor in 2025
+1Both share the same surname

2019Vice Mayor · Bato
2022Vice Mayor · Bato
2025Mayor · Bato

Mayor · Claveria, Masbate

Froy Andueza Karen Ballesteros

Moderate risk · 3 pts

Swapped seatsTerm limit 2025

’01

’04

’07

’10

’13

●

’16

●

’19

●

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+1Won another seat the next election: Vice Mayor · Claveria
+1Surname held this office 18 straight years

2019Mayor · Claveria
2022Mayor · Claveria
2025Vice Mayor · Claveria

Representative, 1st District ⇄ Governor · Masbate

Richard Kho Tony Kho

Moderate risk · 3 pts

Seat exchangeTerm limit 2025

’01

’04

’07

’10

’13

’16

’19

●

’22

’25

+2Richard Kho and Tony Kho traded Representative, 1st District and Governor in 2025
+1Both share the same surname

2022Representative, 1st District · Masbate
2025Governor · Masbate

Mayor · Balingoan, Misamis Oriental

Aaron UnabiaCandy Unabia

Moderate risk · 3 pts

Same-surname successorTerm limit 2025

’01

’04

’07

’10

’13

●

’16

●

’19

●

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Candy Unabia

2019Mayor · Balingoan
2022Mayor · Balingoan

Representative, 4th District · City of Manila, NCR, City of Manila, First District

Edward MacedaDra Maceda

Moderate risk · 3 pts

Same-surname successorTerm limit 2025

’01

’04

’07

’10

’13

●

’16

●

’19

●

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Dra Maceda

2019Representative, 4th District · City of Manila
2022Representative, 4th District · City of Manila

Mayor · City of Talisay, Negros Occidental

Neil LizaresWeng Lizares

Moderate risk · 3 pts

Same-surname successorTerm limit 2025

’01

’04

’07

’10

’13

●

’16

●

’19

●

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Weng Lizares

2019Mayor · City of Talisay
2022Mayor · City of Talisay

Vice Mayor ⇄ Mayor · Hinigaran, Negros Occidental

Mary Arceo Nadie Arceo

Moderate risk · 3 pts

Seat exchangeTerm limit 2025

’01

’04

’07

’10

’13

’16

’19

●

’22

’25

+2Mary Arceo and Nadie Arceo traded Vice Mayor and Mayor in 2025
+1Both share the same surname

2022Vice Mayor · Hinigaran
2025Mayor · Hinigaran

Vice Mayor ⇄ Mayor · City of Sagay, Negros Occidental

Bebo Cueva Narwin Javelosa

Moderate risk · 3 pts

Seat exchangeTerm limit 2025

’01

’04

’07

’10

’13

’16

’19

●

’22

’25

+2Bebo Cueva and Narwin Javelosa traded Vice Mayor and Mayor in 2025
+1Surname held these offices 15 straight years

2019Representative, 2nd District · Negros Occidental
2022Vice Mayor · City of Sagay
2025Mayor · City of Sagay

Vice Mayor · La Libertad, Negros Oriental

Lawrence Limkaichong Julius Sabac

Moderate risk · 3 pts

Swapped seatsTerm limit 2025

’01

’04

’07

’10

’13

●

’16

●

’19

●

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+1Won another seat the next election: Mayor · La Libertad
+1Surname held this office 15 straight years

2019Vice Mayor · La Libertad
2022Vice Mayor · La Libertad
2025Mayor · La Libertad

Mayor · Santo Domingo, Nueva Ecija

Imee De GuzmanBabyboy De Guzman

Moderate risk · 3 pts

Same-surname successorTerm limit 2025

’01

’04

’07

’10

’13

●

’16

●

’19

●

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Babyboy De Guzman

2019Mayor · Santo Domingo
2022Mayor · Santo Domingo

Mayor · San Leonardo, Nueva Ecija

Elan Nagaño Niña Nagaño-Joson

Moderate risk · 3 pts

Swapped seatsTerm limit 2025

’01

’04

’07

’10

’13

●

’16

●

’19

●

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+1Won another seat the next election: Vice Mayor · San Leonardo
+1Surname held this office 18 straight years

2019Mayor · San Leonardo
2022Mayor · San Leonardo
2025Vice Mayor · San Leonardo

Representative, 3rd District · Nueva Ecija

Ria VergaraJay Vergara

Moderate risk · 3 pts

Same-surname successorTerm limit 2025

’01

’04

’07

’10

’13

●

’16

●

’19

●

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Jay Vergara

2019Representative, 3rd District · Nueva Ecija
2022Representative, 3rd District · Nueva Ecija

Vice Mayor ⇄ Mayor · Pantabangan, Nueva Ecija

Monaliza Agdipa Nog Agdipa

Moderate risk · 3 pts

Seat exchangeTerm limit 2025

’01

’04

’07

’10

’13

’16

●

’19

●

’22

’25

+2Monaliza Agdipa and Nog Agdipa traded Vice Mayor and Mayor in 2025
+1Both share the same surname

2019Vice Mayor · Pantabangan
2022Vice Mayor · Pantabangan
2025Mayor · Pantabangan

Mayor · Dupax del Norte, Nueva Vizcaya

Timothy CaytonPaolo Cayton

Moderate risk · 3 pts

Same-surname successorTerm limit 2025

’01

’04

’07

’10

’13

●

’16

●

’19

●

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Paolo Cayton

2019Mayor · Dupax del Norte
2022Mayor · Dupax del Norte

Mayor · Bongabong, Oriental Mindoro

Elgin MalaluanMike Malaluan

Moderate risk · 3 pts

Same-surname successorTerm limit 2025

’01

’04

’07

’10

’13

●

’16

●

’19

●

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Mike Malaluan

2019Mayor · Bongabong
2022Mayor · Bongabong

Vice Mayor ⇄ Mayor · Pinamalayan, Oriental Mindoro

Rodel Magsino Aristeo Baldos

Moderate risk · 3 pts

Seat exchangeTerm limit 2025

’01

’04

’07

’10

’13

●

’16

●

’19

●

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Rodel Magsino and Aristeo Baldos traded Vice Mayor and Mayor in 2025

2019Vice Mayor · Pinamalayan
2022Vice Mayor · Pinamalayan
2025Mayor · Pinamalayan

Representative, 4th District · Pangasinan

Toff De VeneciaManay De Venecia

Moderate risk · 3 pts

Same-surname successorTerm limit 2025

’01

’04

’07

’10

’13

●

’16

●

’19

●

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Manay De Venecia

2019Representative, 4th District · Pangasinan
2022Representative, 4th District · Pangasinan

How the risk level is scored

Reached the 3-term limit	+1
Won a different seat in the same province the next election	+1
Vacated seat won by someone with the same surname	+2
Won the same office back later	+2
Traded offices with another official in one election	+2 (+1 if same surname)
Surname held the office 15+ / 21+ straight years	+1 / +2

Low risk 0–2 pointsModerate risk 3–4 pointsHigh risk 5–6 pointsVery high risk 7+ points

What this does and doesn’t mean

Every move counted here is legal. The Local Government Code (and, for House members, the Constitution) limits an official to three consecutive terms in the same office; it does not stop them from running for another office, or for the same office after one term out.

The risk level measures how concentrated a seat has become in one person or one surname. It is not an accusation of wrongdoing.

“Same surname” means a shared last name, or a last name that matches the other’s middle name, as BetterGov.ph Dynasties defines it. A shared name may not mean the two are related.

Source: COMELEC results 2001–2025 compiled by Open Halalan (ODbL), via the BetterGov.ph Dynasties dataset. Covers governor, vice governor, district representative, mayor and vice mayor seats. Representatives fall under the Constitution’s three-term limit.

Political families and surname blocs →