Term limits · 2001–2025 local elections

When the term ends, but the power doesn’t.

Local officials may serve three consecutive terms. 1,482 times since 2001, a term-limited official moved to another seat, handed the seat to someone with the same surname, traded seats, or came back for it.

Very high risk

124

Every case

1,482 seat moves

Each strip shows who won the seat in each election from 2001 to 2025.

Search name or placeRisk levelPatternProvince

This official (●)Same surname (S)Someone elseNo result on file

Highest risk Most recent

Mayor · Hernani, Eastern Samar

Edgar BocoAmado Candido

High risk · 5 pts

Swapped seatsSame-surname successorTerm limit 2019

’01

’04

’07

●

’10

●

’13

●

’16

’19

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+1Won another seat the next election: Vice Mayor · Hernani
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Amado Candido
+1Surname held this office 18 straight years

2013Mayor · Hernani
2016Mayor · Hernani
2019Vice Mayor · Hernani

Vice Mayor ⇄ Mayor · Nueva Era, Ilocos Norte

Aldrin Garvida Caroline Garvida

High risk · 5 pts

Seat exchangeTerm limit 2019

’01

’04

’07

’10

’13

●

’16

’19

’22

’25

+2Aldrin Garvida and Caroline Garvida traded Vice Mayor and Mayor in 2019
+1Both share the same surname
+2Surname held these offices 27 straight years

2013Mayor · Nueva Era
2016Vice Mayor · Nueva Era
2019Mayor · Nueva Era
2022Mayor · Nueva Era
2025Mayor · Nueva Era

Vice Mayor ⇄ Mayor · Burgos, Ilocos Norte

Crescente GarciaRodolfo Garcia

High risk · 5 pts

Seat exchangeTerm limit 2019

’01

’04

’07

’10

’13

●

’16

’19

’22

’25

+2Crescente Garcia and Rodolfo Garcia traded Vice Mayor and Mayor in 2019
+1Both share the same surname
+2Surname held these offices 21 straight years

2013Mayor · Burgos
2016Vice Mayor · Burgos
2019Mayor · Burgos
2022Mayor · Burgos
2025Mayor · Burgos

Mayor · Santo Domingo, Ilocos Sur

Amado TadenaFloro Tadena

High risk · 5 pts

Same-surname successorTerm limit 2019

’01

’04

’07

●

’10

●

’13

●

’16

’19

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Floro Tadena
+2Surname held this office 24 straight years

2013Mayor · Santo Domingo
2016Mayor · Santo Domingo

Mayor · Narvacan, Ilocos Sur

Zuriel ZaragozaChavit Singson

High risk · 5 pts

Same-surname successorTerm limit 2019

’01

’04

’07

●

’10

●

’13

●

’16

’19

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Chavit Singson
+2Surname held this office 21 straight years

2013Mayor · Narvacan
2016Mayor · Narvacan

Mayor · Suyo, Ilocos Sur

Samuel Subagan Jr.Mario Subagan

High risk · 5 pts

Swapped seatsSame-surname successorTerm limit 2019

’01

’04

’07

●

’10

●

’13

●

’16

’19

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+1Won another seat the next election: Vice Mayor · Suyo
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Mario Subagan
+1Surname held this office 18 straight years

2013Mayor · Suyo
2016Mayor · Suyo
2019Vice Mayor · Suyo
2022Vice Mayor · Suyo

Mayor · Santa Maria, Ilocos Sur

Edgar FlorendoBoy Camarillo Jr.

High risk · 5 pts

Same-surname successorTerm limit 2019

●

’01

●

’04

’07

●

’10

●

’13

●

’16

’19

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Boy Camarillo Jr.
+2Surname held this office 27 straight years

2013Mayor · Santa Maria
2016Mayor · Santa Maria

Mayor · Batad, Iloilo

Pedro AlarconElvira Alarcon

High risk · 5 pts

Same-surname successorTerm limit 2019

●

’01

●

’04

’07

●

’10

●

’13

●

’16

’19

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Elvira Alarcon
+2Surname held this office 27 straight years

2013Mayor · Batad
2016Mayor · Batad

Mayor · Aurora, Isabela

William UyJoseph Uy

High risk · 5 pts

Same-surname successorTerm limit 2019

●

’01

’04

’07

●

’10

●

’13

●

’16

’19

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Joseph Uy
+2Surname held this office 21 straight years

2013Mayor · Aurora
2016Mayor · Aurora

Mayor · Angadanan, Isabela

Lourdes Panganiban Joelle Panganiban

High risk · 5 pts

Same-surname successorTerm limit 2019

’01

’04

’07

●

’10

●

’13

●

’16

’19

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Joelle Panganiban
+2Surname held this office 24 straight years

2013Mayor · Angadanan
2016Mayor · Angadanan
2025Vice Mayor · Angadanan

Mayor · Naguilian, La Union

Reynaldo Flores Nieri Flores

High risk · 5 pts

Swapped seatsSame-surname successorTerm limit 2019

●

’01

●

’04

’07

●

’10

●

’13

●

’16

’19

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+1Won another seat the next election: Vice Mayor · Naguilian
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Nieri Flores
+1Surname held this office 18 straight years

2013Mayor · Naguilian
2016Mayor · Naguilian
2019Vice Mayor · Naguilian
2022Vice Mayor · Naguilian
2025Vice Mayor · Naguilian

Mayor · Santo Tomas, La Union

Marietta CarbonellSeverino Carbonell

High risk · 5 pts

Same-surname successorTerm limit 2019

’01

’04

’07

●

’10

●

’13

●

’16

’19

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Severino Carbonell
+2Surname held this office 27 straight years

2013Mayor · Santo Tomas
2016Mayor · Santo Tomas

Mayor · Bacolod, Lanao del Norte

Joselito MiquiabasJudith Miquiabas

High risk · 5 pts

Same-surname successorTerm limit 2019

●

’01

’04

’07

●

’10

●

’13

●

’16

’19

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Judith Miquiabas
+2Surname held this office 21 straight years

2013Mayor · Bacolod
2016Mayor · Bacolod

Vice Mayor ⇄ Mayor · Picong, Lanao del Sur

Mesron BalindongAlinader Balindong

High risk · 5 pts

Seat exchangeTerm limit 2019

’01

’04

’07

’10

●

’13

●

’16

’19

’22

’25

+2Mesron Balindong and Alinader Balindong traded Vice Mayor and Mayor in 2019
+1Both share the same surname
+2Surname held these offices 21 straight years

2013Vice Mayor · Picong
2016Vice Mayor · Picong
2019Mayor · Picong
2022Mayor · Picong
2025Mayor · Picong

Vice Mayor ⇄ Mayor · Kapatagan, Lanao del Sur

Raida Maglangit Nhazruddin Maglangit

High risk · 5 pts

Seat exchangeTerm limit 2019

’01

’04

’07

’10

’13

●

’16

’19

’22

’25

+2Raida Maglangit and Nhazruddin Maglangit traded Vice Mayor and Mayor in 2019
+1Both share the same surname
+2Surname held these offices 27 straight years

2016Vice Mayor · Kapatagan
2019Mayor · Kapatagan
2022Mayor · Kapatagan
2025Mayor · Kapatagan

Mayor · City of Baybay, Leyte

Carmen Cari Boying Cari

High risk · 5 pts

Same-surname successorTerm limit 2019

’01

’04

’07

●

’10

●

’13

●

’16

’19

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Boying Cari
+2Surname held this office 27 straight years

2013Mayor · Bato
2013Mayor · City of Baybay
2016Mayor · City of Baybay

Mayor · Shariff Saydona Mustapha, Maguindanao

Zandria AmpatuanSajid Ampatuan

High risk · 5 pts

Swapped seatsSame-surname successorTerm limit 2019

’01

’04

’07

●

’10

●

’13

●

’16

’19

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+1Won another seat the next election: Vice Mayor · Shariff Saydona Mustapha
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Sajid Ampatuan
+1Surname held this office 15 straight years

2013Mayor · Shariff Saydona Mustapha
2016Mayor · Shariff Saydona Mustapha
2019Vice Mayor · Shariff Saydona Mustapha

Vice Mayor ⇄ Mayor · Milagros, Masbate

Natividad MagbalonJose Magbalon

High risk · 5 pts

Seat exchangeTerm limit 2019

’01

’04

’07

’10

’13

●

’16

’19

’22

’25

+2Natividad Magbalon and Jose Magbalon traded Vice Mayor and Mayor in 2019
+1Both share the same surname
+2Surname held these offices 21 straight years

2013Mayor · Milagros
2016Vice Mayor · Milagros
2019Mayor · Milagros
2025Mayor · Milagros

Representative, 1st District · Misamis Oriental

Peter UnabiaChristian Unabia

High risk · 5 pts

Swapped seatsSame-surname successorTerm limit 2019

’01

’04

’07

●

’10

●

’13

●

’16

’19

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+1Won another seat the next election: Vice Mayor · City of Gingoog
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Christian Unabia
+1Surname held this office 15 straight years

2013Representative, 1st District · Misamis Oriental
2016Representative, 1st District · Misamis Oriental
2019Vice Mayor · City of Gingoog
2022Governor · Misamis Oriental

Vice Mayor · Alubijid, Misamis Oriental

Emmanuel JamisAlvin Giovanni Labis

High risk · 5 pts

Swapped seatsSame-surname successorTerm limit 2019

’01

’04

’07

●

’10

●

’13

●

’16

’19

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+1Won another seat the next election: Mayor · Alubijid
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Alvin Giovanni Labis
+1Surname held this office 15 straight years

2013Vice Mayor · Alubijid
2016Vice Mayor · Alubijid
2019Mayor · Alubijid
2022Mayor · Alubijid

How the risk level is scored

Reached the 3-term limit	+1
Won a different seat in the same province the next election	+1
Vacated seat won by someone with the same surname	+2
Won the same office back later	+2
Traded offices with another official in one election	+2 (+1 if same surname)
Surname held the office 15+ / 21+ straight years	+1 / +2

Low risk 0–2 pointsModerate risk 3–4 pointsHigh risk 5–6 pointsVery high risk 7+ points

What this does and doesn’t mean

Every move counted here is legal. The Local Government Code (and, for House members, the Constitution) limits an official to three consecutive terms in the same office; it does not stop them from running for another office, or for the same office after one term out.

The risk level measures how concentrated a seat has become in one person or one surname. It is not an accusation of wrongdoing.

“Same surname” means a shared last name, or a last name that matches the other’s middle name, as BetterGov.ph Dynasties defines it. A shared name may not mean the two are related.

Source: COMELEC results 2001–2025 compiled by Open Halalan (ODbL), via the BetterGov.ph Dynasties dataset. Covers governor, vice governor, district representative, mayor and vice mayor seats. Representatives fall under the Constitution’s three-term limit.

Political families and surname blocs →