Term limits · 2001–2025 local elections

When the term ends, but the power doesn’t.

Local officials may serve three consecutive terms. 1,482 times since 2001, a term-limited official moved to another seat, handed the seat to someone with the same surname, traded seats, or came back for it.

Very high risk

124

Every case

1,482 seat moves

Each strip shows who won the seat in each election from 2001 to 2025.

Search name or placeRisk levelPatternProvince

This official (●)Same surname (S)Someone elseNo result on file

Highest risk Most recent

Mayor · La Paz, Abra

Joseph BernosChing Bernos

High risk · 5 pts

Same-surname successorTerm limit 2016

’01

’04

●

’07

●

’10

●

’13

’16

’19

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Ching Bernos
+2Surname held this office 27 straight years

2010Mayor · La Paz
2013Mayor · La Paz

Mayor · San Isidro, Abra

Ernesto PacsaElmerante Pacsa

High risk · 5 pts

Same-surname successorTerm limit 2016

’01

’04

●

’07

●

’10

●

’13

’16

’19

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Elmerante Pacsa
+2Surname held this office 27 straight years

2010Mayor · San Isidro
2013Mayor · San Isidro

Vice Mayor · San Isidro, Abra

Venerando Pacsa Jr.Elixer Pacsa

High risk · 5 pts

Same-surname successorTerm limit 2016

’01

’04

●

’07

●

’10

●

’13

’16

’19

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Elixer Pacsa
+2Surname held this office 21 straight years

2010Vice Mayor · San Isidro
2013Vice Mayor · San Isidro

Vice Mayor · Boliney, Abra

Querico StimsonJulius Balao-As

High risk · 5 pts

Same-surname successorTerm limit 2016

’01

’04

●

’07

●

’10

●

’13

’16

’19

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Julius Balao-As
+2Surname held this office 21 straight years

2010Vice Mayor · Boliney
2013Vice Mayor · Boliney

Mayor · Veruela, Agusan del Sur

Salimar MondejarMyrna Mondejar

High risk · 5 pts

Same-surname successorTerm limit 2016

’01

’04

●

’07

●

’10

●

’13

’16

’19

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Myrna Mondejar
+2Surname held this office 21 straight years

2010Mayor · Veruela
2013Mayor · Veruela

Mayor · Batan, Aklan

Delfina RamosRodell Ramos

High risk · 5 pts

Same-surname successorTerm limit 2016

’01

’04

●

’07

●

’10

●

’13

’16

’19

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Rodell Ramos
+2Surname held this office 27 straight years

2010Mayor · Batan
2013Mayor · Batan

Mayor · Buruanga, Aklan

Quezon LabindaoInday Labindao

High risk · 5 pts

Same-surname successorTerm limit 2016

’01

’04

●

’07

●

’10

●

’13

’16

’19

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Inday Labindao
+2Surname held this office 24 straight years

2010Mayor · Buruanga
2013Mayor · Buruanga

Mayor · Lezo, Aklan

Victor FernandezLenette Fernandez

High risk · 5 pts

Same-surname successorTerm limit 2016

●

’01

’04

●

’07

●

’10

●

’13

’16

’19

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Lenette Fernandez
+2Surname held this office 21 straight years

2010Mayor · Lezo
2013Mayor · Lezo

Mayor · Ibajay, Aklan

Maria MirafloresJoen Miraflores

High risk · 5 pts

Same-surname successorTerm limit 2016

’01

’04

●

’07

●

’10

●

’13

’16

’19

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Joen Miraflores
+2Surname held this office 21 straight years

2010Mayor · Ibajay
2013Mayor · Ibajay

Vice Mayor ⇄ Mayor · Libacao, Aklan

Charito Navarosa Vincent Navarosa

High risk · 5 pts

Seat exchangeTerm limit 2016

’01

’04

’07

’10

●

’13

’16

’19

’22

●

’25

+2Charito Navarosa and Vincent Navarosa traded Vice Mayor and Mayor in 2016
+1Both share the same surname
+2Surname held these offices 27 straight years

2010Mayor · Libacao
2013Vice Mayor · Libacao
2016Mayor · Libacao
2019Mayor · Libacao
2022Mayor · Libacao
2025Vice Mayor · Libacao

Mayor · Manito, Albay

Caesar DaepJoshua Daep

High risk · 5 pts

Same-surname successorTerm limit 2016

’01

’04

●

’07

●

’10

●

’13

’16

’19

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Joshua Daep
+2Surname held this office 21 straight years

2010Mayor · Manito
2013Mayor · Manito

Mayor · Camalig, Albay

Carlos BaldoDing Baldo

High risk · 5 pts

Same-surname successorTerm limit 2016

’01

’04

●

’07

●

’10

●

’13

’16

’19

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Ding Baldo
+2Surname held this office 21 straight years

2010Mayor · Camalig
2013Mayor · Camalig

Mayor · Anini-Y, Antique

Reynaldo PollicarMaxfil Pollicar

High risk · 5 pts

Same-surname successorTerm limit 2016

●

’01

’04

●

’07

●

’10

●

’13

’16

’19

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Maxfil Pollicar
+2Surname held this office 21 straight years

2010Mayor · Anini-Y
2013Mayor · Anini-Y

Mayor · Dinalungan, Aurora

Tito TubiganManuel Torres

High risk · 5 pts

Swapped seatsSame-surname successorTerm limit 2016

’01

’04

●

’07

●

’10

●

’13

’16

’19

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+1Won another seat the next election: Vice Mayor · Dinalungan
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Manuel Torres
+1Surname held this office 18 straight years

2010Mayor · Dinalungan
2013Mayor · Dinalungan
2016Vice Mayor · Dinalungan
2019Vice Mayor · Dinalungan

Mayor · Abucay, Bataan

Ana SantiagoPambato Santiago

High risk · 5 pts

Same-surname successorTerm limit 2016

’01

’04

●

’07

●

’10

●

’13

’16

’19

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Pambato Santiago
+2Surname held this office 21 straight years

2010Mayor · Abucay
2013Mayor · Abucay

Mayor · Calatagan, Batangas

Sophia PalacioOliver Palacio

High risk · 5 pts

Same-surname successorTerm limit 2016

’01

’04

●

’07

●

’10

●

’13

’16

’19

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Oliver Palacio
+2Surname held this office 24 straight years

2010Mayor · Calatagan
2013Mayor · Calatagan

Mayor · Tingloy, Batangas

Lauro AlvarezLaurence Alvarez

High risk · 5 pts

Same-surname successorTerm limit 2016

’01

’04

●

’07

●

’10

●

’13

’16

’19

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Laurence Alvarez
+2Surname held this office 21 straight years

2010Mayor · Tingloy
2013Mayor · Tingloy

Vice Mayor · Taysan, Batangas

Grande GutierrezNitoy Perez

High risk · 5 pts

Swapped seatsSame-surname successorTerm limit 2016

’01

’04

●

’07

●

’10

●

’13

’16

’19

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+1Won another seat the next election: Mayor · Taysan
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Nitoy Perez
+1Surname held this office 15 straight years

2010Vice Mayor · Taysan
2013Vice Mayor · Taysan
2016Mayor · Taysan
2019Mayor · Taysan
2022Mayor · Taysan

Mayor · Loon, Bohol

Lloyd LopezElvi Relampagos

High risk · 5 pts

Same-surname successorTerm limit 2016

’01

’04

●

’07

●

’10

●

’13

’16

’19

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Elvi Relampagos
+2Surname held this office 21 straight years

2010Mayor · Loon
2013Mayor · Loon

Mayor · Calape, Bohol

Sulpicio YuNelson Yu

High risk · 5 pts

Swapped seatsSame-surname successorTerm limit 2016

’01

’04

●

’07

●

’10

●

’13

’16

’19

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+1Won another seat the next election: Vice Mayor · Calape
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Nelson Yu
+1Surname held this office 15 straight years

2010Mayor · Calape
2013Mayor · Calape
2016Vice Mayor · Calape

How the risk level is scored

Reached the 3-term limit	+1
Won a different seat in the same province the next election	+1
Vacated seat won by someone with the same surname	+2
Won the same office back later	+2
Traded offices with another official in one election	+2 (+1 if same surname)
Surname held the office 15+ / 21+ straight years	+1 / +2

Low risk 0–2 pointsModerate risk 3–4 pointsHigh risk 5–6 pointsVery high risk 7+ points

What this does and doesn’t mean

Every move counted here is legal. The Local Government Code (and, for House members, the Constitution) limits an official to three consecutive terms in the same office; it does not stop them from running for another office, or for the same office after one term out.

The risk level measures how concentrated a seat has become in one person or one surname. It is not an accusation of wrongdoing.

“Same surname” means a shared last name, or a last name that matches the other’s middle name, as BetterGov.ph Dynasties defines it. A shared name may not mean the two are related.

Source: COMELEC results 2001–2025 compiled by Open Halalan (ODbL), via the BetterGov.ph Dynasties dataset. Covers governor, vice governor, district representative, mayor and vice mayor seats. Representatives fall under the Constitution’s three-term limit.

Political families and surname blocs →