Term limits · 2001–2025 local elections

When the term ends, but the power doesn’t.

Local officials may serve three consecutive terms. 1,482 times since 2001, a term-limited official moved to another seat, handed the seat to someone with the same surname, traded seats, or came back for it.

Very high risk

124

Every case

1,482 seat moves

Each strip shows who won the seat in each election from 2001 to 2025.

Search name or placeRisk levelPatternProvince

This official (●)Same surname (S)Someone elseNo result on file

Highest risk Most recent

Vice Mayor ⇄ Mayor · City of Davao, Davao del Sur

Sara DuterteRodrigo Duterte II

High risk · 5 pts

Seat exchangeTerm limit 2010

’01

’04

●

’07

’10

’13

’16

’19

’22

’25

+2Sara Duterte and Rodrigo Duterte II traded Vice Mayor and Mayor in 2010
+1Both share the same surname
+2Surname held these offices 27 straight years

2007Vice Mayor · City of Davao
2010Mayor · Bansalan
2010Mayor · City of Davao
2019Mayor · City of Davao

Mayor · Badoc, Ilocos Norte

Thomas TorralbaArlene Torralba

High risk · 5 pts

Swapped seatsSame-surname successorTerm limit 2010

●

’01

●

’04

●

’07

’10

’13

’16

’19

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+1Won another seat the next election: Vice Mayor · Badoc
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Arlene Torralba
+1Surname held this office 15 straight years

2004Mayor · Badoc
2007Mayor · Badoc
2010Vice Mayor · Badoc
2013Vice Mayor · Badoc

Mayor · Pasuquin, Ilocos Norte

Oscar AguinaldoVictoria Aguinaldo

High risk · 5 pts

Same-surname successorTerm limit 2010

●

’01

●

’04

●

’07

’10

’13

’16

’19

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Victoria Aguinaldo
+2Surname held this office 27 straight years

2004Mayor · Pasuquin
2007Mayor · Pasuquin
2019Vice Mayor · Pasuquin
2022Vice Mayor · Pasuquin

Mayor · Anilao, Iloilo

Joel DebuqueMaria Debuque

High risk · 5 pts

Same-surname successorTerm limit 2010

●

’01

●

’04

●

’07

’10

’13

’16

’19

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Maria Debuque
+2Surname held this office 27 straight years

2004Mayor · Anilao
2007Mayor · Anilao

Mayor · San Mateo, Isabela

Roberto AgcaoiliCrispina Agcaoili

High risk · 5 pts

Swapped seatsSame-surname successorTerm limit 2010

●

’01

●

’04

●

’07

’10

’13

’16

’19

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+1Won another seat the next election: Vice Mayor · San Mateo
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Crispina Agcaoili
+1Surname held this office 18 straight years

2004Mayor · San Mateo
2007Mayor · San Mateo
2010Vice Mayor · San Mateo
2013Vice Mayor · San Mateo
2016Vice Mayor · San Mateo

Mayor · Salvador, Lanao del Norte

Raida TawantawanHassanor Tawantawan

High risk · 5 pts

Same-surname successorTerm limit 2010

●

’01

●

’04

●

’07

’10

’13

’16

’19

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Hassanor Tawantawan
+2Surname held this office 27 straight years

2004Mayor · Salvador
2007Mayor · Salvador

Mayor · San Pascual, Masbate

Zacarina LazaroJob Rivera

High risk · 5 pts

Swapped seatsReturned to the seatTerm limit 2010

●

’01

●

’04

●

’07

’10

●

’13

●

’16

’19

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+1Won another seat the next election: Vice Mayor · San Pascual
+2Won the same office back in 2013
+1Surname held this office 15 straight years

2004Mayor · San Pascual
2007Mayor · San Pascual
2010Vice Mayor · San Pascual
2013Mayor · San Pascual
2016Mayor · San Pascual

Mayor · City of Makati, NCR, Fourth District

Jejomar BinayJejomar Binay

High risk · 5 pts

Same-surname successorTerm limit 2010

●

’01

●

’04

●

’07

’10

’13

’16

’19

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Jejomar Binay
+2Surname held this office 27 straight years

2004Mayor · City of Makati
2007Mayor · City of Makati

Mayor · City of Himamaylan, Negros Occidental

Carminia BasconAgustin Bascon

High risk · 5 pts

Swapped seatsSame-surname successorTerm limit 2010

●

’01

●

’04

●

’07

’10

’13

’16

’19

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+1Won another seat the next election: Vice Mayor · Enrique B Magalona Saravia
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Agustin Bascon
+1Surname held this office 18 straight years

2004Mayor · City of Himamaylan
2007Mayor · City of Himamaylan
2010Vice Mayor · Enrique B Magalona Saravia
2010Vice Mayor · City of Himamaylan
2013Vice Mayor · Enrique B Magalona Saravia

Mayor · Manapla, Negros Occidental

Manuel EscalantePatrick Escalante

High risk · 5 pts

Same-surname successorTerm limit 2010

●

’01

●

’04

●

’07

’10

’13

’16

’19

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Patrick Escalante
+2Surname held this office 27 straight years

2004Mayor · Manapla
2007Mayor · Manapla

Mayor · Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija

Nestor AlvarezEfren Alvarez

High risk · 5 pts

Same-surname successorReturned to the seatTerm limit 2010

●

’01

●

’04

●

’07

’10

’13

●

’16

●

’19

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Efren Alvarez
+2Won the same office back in 2016

2004Mayor · Science City of Muñoz
2007Mayor · Science City of Muñoz
2013Mayor · Santo Domingo
2016Mayor · Science City of Muñoz
2019Mayor · Science City of Muñoz
2022Vice Mayor · Science City of Muñoz
2025Vice Mayor · Science City of Muñoz

Mayor · San Luis, Pampanga

Jayson SagumVenancio Macapagal

High risk · 5 pts

Same-surname successorTerm limit 2010

●

’01

●

’04

●

’07

’10

’13

’16

’19

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Venancio Macapagal
+2Surname held this office 27 straight years

2004Mayor · San Luis
2007Mayor · San Luis

Mayor · Macabebe, Pampanga

Leonardo FloresAnnette Balgan

High risk · 5 pts

Same-surname successorTerm limit 2010

●

’01

●

’04

●

’07

’10

’13

’16

’19

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Annette Balgan
+2Surname held this office 27 straight years

2004Mayor · Macabebe
2007Mayor · Macabebe

Mayor · Villasis, Pangasinan

Nonato AbrenicaLibradita Abrenica

High risk · 5 pts

Same-surname successorTerm limit 2010

●

’01

●

’04

●

’07

’10

’13

’16

’19

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Libradita Abrenica
+2Surname held this office 27 straight years

2004Mayor · Villasis
2007Mayor · Villasis

Mayor · Glan, Sarangani

Enrique Yap Jr.Victor Yap

High risk · 5 pts

Same-surname successorTerm limit 2010

●

’01

●

’04

●

’07

’10

’13

’16

’19

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Victor Yap
+2Surname held this office 27 straight years

2004Mayor · Glan
2007Mayor · Glan

Mayor · Tomas Oppus, Southern Leyte

Felicula EscañoAgustin Escaño

High risk · 5 pts

Same-surname successorTerm limit 2010

●

’01

●

’04

●

’07

’10

’13

’16

’19

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Agustin Escaño
+2Surname held this office 24 straight years

2004Mayor · Tomas Oppus
2007Mayor · Tomas Oppus

Mayor · Hadji Panglima Tahil, Sulu

Nedra BurahanAbraham Burahan

High risk · 5 pts

Same-surname successorTerm limit 2010

●

’01

●

’04

●

’07

’10

’13

’16

’19

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Abraham Burahan
+2Surname held this office 27 straight years

2004Mayor · Hadji Panglima Tahil
2007Mayor · Hadji Panglima Tahil

Mayor · Bongao, Tawi-Tawi

Albert QueJasper Que

High risk · 5 pts

Same-surname successorTerm limit 2010

●

’01

●

’04

●

’07

’10

’13

’16

’19

’22

’25

+1Reached the 3-term limit
+2Same-surname successor took the seat: Jasper Que
+2Surname held this office 27 straight years

2004Mayor · Bongao
2007Mayor · Bongao

Vice Mayor ⇄ Mayor · Sitangkai, Tawi-Tawi

Tiblan AhajaSerbin Ahaja

High risk · 5 pts

Seat exchangeTerm limit 2010

’01

’04

●

’07

’10

●

’13

●

’16

’19

’22

●

’25

+2Tiblan Ahaja and Serbin Ahaja traded Vice Mayor and Mayor in 2010
+1Both share the same surname
+2Surname held these offices 27 straight years

2004Mayor · Sitangkai
2007Vice Mayor · Sitangkai
2010Mayor · Sitangkai
2013Vice Mayor · Sitangkai
2016Vice Mayor · Sitangkai
2019Mayor · Sitangkai
2022Mayor · Sitangkai
2025Vice Mayor · Sitangkai

Vice Mayor ⇄ Mayor · Balilihan, Bohol

Victoria ChattoDominisio Chatto

High risk · 5 pts

Seat exchangeTerm limit 2007

●

’01

●

’04

’07

’10

’13

’16

’19

’22

’25

+2Victoria Chatto and Dominisio Chatto traded Vice Mayor and Mayor in 2007
+1Both share the same surname
+2Surname held these offices 27 straight years

2001Vice Mayor · Balilihan
2004Vice Mayor · Balilihan
2007Mayor · Balilihan

How the risk level is scored

Reached the 3-term limit	+1
Won a different seat in the same province the next election	+1
Vacated seat won by someone with the same surname	+2
Won the same office back later	+2
Traded offices with another official in one election	+2 (+1 if same surname)
Surname held the office 15+ / 21+ straight years	+1 / +2

Low risk 0–2 pointsModerate risk 3–4 pointsHigh risk 5–6 pointsVery high risk 7+ points

What this does and doesn’t mean

Every move counted here is legal. The Local Government Code (and, for House members, the Constitution) limits an official to three consecutive terms in the same office; it does not stop them from running for another office, or for the same office after one term out.

The risk level measures how concentrated a seat has become in one person or one surname. It is not an accusation of wrongdoing.

“Same surname” means a shared last name, or a last name that matches the other’s middle name, as BetterGov.ph Dynasties defines it. A shared name may not mean the two are related.

Source: COMELEC results 2001–2025 compiled by Open Halalan (ODbL), via the BetterGov.ph Dynasties dataset. Covers governor, vice governor, district representative, mayor and vice mayor seats. Representatives fall under the Constitution’s three-term limit.

Political families and surname blocs →